![]() The bones of the shoulder are as given below. The shoulder is made of two bones that together allow the attachment of the arm to the body. It is the smallest bone in the human body. The function of the stapes is to transmit sound vibrations from the incus to the labyrinth of the inner ear. The oval window is nothing but an opening to the inner ear, and it is covered with a membrane. The stapes is a stirrup-shaped small bone that is attached to the incus at one end, and to the fenestra ovalis or the “oval window”, on the other. Its function is to transmit sound vibrations from the malleus to the stapes. The incus is an anvil-shaped bone that connects the malleus to the stapes. Its function is to transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the incus. The malleus is a small hammer-shaped bone that is attached to the eardrum at one end, and to the incus at the other. These are very small bones, and their function is to transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. In all mammals, including humans, the middle ear has three bones that are known as the auditory ossicles. The middle ear is the region between the eardrum and the cochlea. It articulates with 6 bones: the ethmoid, the sphenoid, the two palatine bones, and the two maxillary bones. It is a thin, flat single bone that lies along the midsagittal line. Located above these bones, are the middle nasal concha and the superior nasal concha, which arise from the cranial region. These are paired bones of the face that arise from the maxillary bone and continue horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. Each lacrimal bone articulates with the frontal bone, the ethmoid bone, the maxilla, and the inferior nasal concha. The lacrimal bone is the smallest bone of the face, and there are 2 such bones, each one forming a part of the median wall of the orbital cavity. These are 2 oblong bones, and their size varies in different individuals. ![]() The nasal bones are two in number, and together form the bridge of the nose. It is one of the many bones that form the walls of the orbital cavity. There are 2 such bones, one on each side of the face, forming the prominence of the cheek. The zygomatic bone is also known as the cheekbone or malar bone. Besides the nasal cavity, it also contributes to the roof of the mouth as well as to the floor of the orbit. It is located behind the nasal cavity and hence, contributes to its floor and the lateral walls. The palatine is an L-shaped bone that is situated between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid. ![]()
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